Alcatel-Lucent mobile Wallet case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcatel-Lucent mobile Wallet - Case Study Example This provides the user with less friction when using bitcoin in daily transactions. In a case where a user’s wallet has been tampered with, the user can create a new vault and considering that vaults and wallets are paired, this new empty vault invalidates the old wallet. One of the main benefits of this system is that it allows a user to separate their savings from their day-to-day spending. Additionally, the system enables such a user to carry those daily transactions with less friction. The mobile wallet from Alcatel-Lucent equally provides banking services to both developed and developing countries. In developed countries, person-to-person money transfer necessitates the use of this service. On the other hand, underdeveloped banking networks in developing countries have led to many people turning to this service. Despite having tremendous benefits to developing countries, Alcatel-Lucent mobile wallet has been applied more in developed countries. According to Anthony Belpaire, the managing director of Alcatel-Lucent mobile wallet, there are tremendous opportunities for consumers using this service in developed countries (Chaki et al 2011, p.221). Most people in these countries have mobile phones which makes the use of mobile wallet possible to most people in these countries. One of the challenges of decentralized electronic currency systems is managing the various subsystems of the main system to ensure that users can transfer currencies. There is also the risk of losing an electronic device that holds a key to these funds. This may imply losing all the money associated with that device. In order to solve this challenge, fixed-access scenarios have been created to secure electronic devices. This involves encryption and decryption of a disk file paired with a backup of the information stored in the disk file. PEST is a tool used by businesses to analyze the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological changes in a business. Porter’s five

Biology Notes Essay Example for Free

Biology Notes Essay Chromosomes: They are found inside the nucleus of cells. They are X Shaped Objects that Contain DNA. Each Chromosome is made from two Chromatids. Chromosomes are held together by a disc called a centromere. Chromosomes are always found in Pairs. A| T| G| C| C| G| DNA: It Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is Made from Nucleic acids of ten (referred to as bases). The four bases are Adenine (A) which always pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) which always pairs with Guanine (G). T| C| A| G| T| G| RIGHT WRONG Genes: A gene is the short length of the chromosome which is a molecule of a DNA. Genes can exist in Different Versions. Different Versions of the same gene are known as ALLELES. Each gene codes for a specific Protein. Some proteins are Structural, meaning they can form skin, hair, blood and cytoplasm. Others are Functional (enzymes) controlling chemical reactions such as respiration or digestion. Genetic Information is stored by Genes who are arranged on Chromosomes. Variation: This is the Difference between humans. There are two types of variation. The First is Genetic Variation (Caused by your Genes and can’t be changed e.g. your natural hair colour, eye colour). The Second is Environmental Variation (Caused by your surrounding and can be changed e.g. Dying your Hair, Ear Piercings). Genetic Variation: Caused by the DNA in the cells in your body. We Can’t Change this. Environmental Variation: Caused by your Surroundings, Family and Friends. We can Change this. Determining Your Gender: A Sperm Cell has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. An Egg Cell has two X Chromosomes. If the fertilised egg has a X Chromosome from the sperm the Foetus will be a Girl if it has a Y Chromosome (the Chromosome carrying Testosterone) the Foetus will Be a Boy. There is a 50:50 Chance of Having a Boy or a Girl. Further Gender Determination Chromosome pair 23 is known as the Sex Chromosomes. There are two Different types of of Chromosome 23 – The X and Y chromosome. The only Difference is that the Y chromosome carries the gene for testosterone, X does not. All Cells carry at least one X Chromosome. Sperm Cells carry either a Y or X chromosome. Allele – A different version of the same gene. Heterozygous – When There are two types of an allele in the genotype e.g. Bb – Brown. Homozygous – When there is only one type of Allele in the genotype e.g. BB(-Brown) or bb(-Blonde). B = Dominant – Always Expressed, b = Recessive – only expressed in a Homozygous genotype. Natural Cloning * The Hydra (Plant) Shows Budding * Asexual Reproduction The Spider Plant and Strawberries often reproduce this way. Twins: They are formed by the fertilised egg splitting in half and the two halves turn into to two identical babies. Artificial Cloning For many years, mammals have been cloned by splitting embryos – Artificial Cloning. There are two types of Artificial Cloning Cloning Way 1 1. They take an egg cell from one mammal. 2. A Body Cell is taken from a second mammal (the same mammal as the first) 3. The egg cell nucleus is removed from the cell 4. The body cell nucleus is also removed 5. The Nucleus from the body cell is inserted into the egg cell to make a clone of the Second Mammal. 6. The egg cell divides and is put into the uterus of the first Mammal. The Clone grows into a mature mammal. Cloning Way 2 It isn’t just Reproductive Cloning (Cloning People/mammals) we could use this technology for. Cloning human cells may be useful in treating humans. Reproductive Cloning – When a baby is born from cloning Stem Cells A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell which means they can turn into any type of cell required. They can therefore be used to make organs. They Can be used to replace damaged cells. Inherited diseases Cystic Fibrosis * 1 in 200 Children are affected by Cystic Fibrosis. * Is an Inherited disease * They produce thick sticky mucus. This can block the air passages and the tubes that carry digestive juices to the gut. * The Child has trouble breathing and absorbing food. * Patients are treated by chest physio-therapy. * The Mucus is a good breeding ground for germs. * Sufferers often get infections and have to be treated with strong antibiotics. At the moment there is no cure. * Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive Allele(c) – So to contract the disease a person must have two recessive alleles (cc). * Heterozygous people (Cc) do not get the disease but can act as carriers and pass it on to their children. * The disease is shown from Birth. * It affects the lungs and gut. Huntington’s Disease * This is a rare inherited disease. * It affects about 1 in 20,000 * It shows up when the patient is about 30 – 40 years old. * The cells of the brain degenerate and the patient makes clumsy and jerky movements. * The sufferers become moody and depressed. * The memory is affected and they eventually become totally disabled. * Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant gene – so only one allele is needed to give the disease. * So all heterozygous people are sufferers because the onset of the disease occurs so late many people have produced a family before they find out they have the condition. * The Organ Effected is the Brain. Bacteria cell Bacteria are known as micro-organisms. Many of these cause disease. Those that cause disease are called Pathogens. Other micro-organisms include Protozoans, Fungi and Viruses. Micro Organisms reproduce quickly in warm, damp places. Once inside a host of Pathogens reproduce and cause Infection. How Pathogens can enter our Body * Nat Bites/ Being Bitten * Eating * Touch * Sexually Transmitted * Bugs * Dogs/ Animals * Breathing it in * Birds * Injections * Cuts * Natural Openings * Blood Transplants * Organ Transplants Things that protect our Body from Pathogens * Eyebrows/ Eyelashes * Cilia * Acid * Mucus * Tears * Skin * White Blood Cells * Healing over cuts Gaining Immunity Example 1) James is Infected by some bacteria that causes a disease 2) The bacteria reproduce and James gets ill. 3) One of James’ white blood cells detect the bacteria. It makes anti bodies to destroy the bacteria. 4) The white blood cells reproduce. Now there are lots of them making Anti-bodies. 5) The bacteria are all killed. James gets better. 6) Most of the white blood cells that make the antibodies die, but a few of them stay in the blood. 7) James is infected with the same bacteria again. 8) The white blood cells to make the antibody are still in James’ Blood. So this time they are ready to kill the bacteria very quickly. 9) The bacteria are killed before they can make James ill. He is Immune to this disease. Anti-body = A Chemical made by White blood cells which binds to Antigen. Antigen = A marker on the surface of a Pathogen that identifies it as foreign. Pathogen = A micro-organism which causes Disease. White Blood Cells: * Produce Anti-bodies to neutralise the Microbe * They eat the microbe * They produce anti-toxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes. Producing Anti-bodies 1. A White Blood cell detects a pathogen. 2. A White Blood cell produces Anti-bodies. 3. The anti-bodies bind with Antigens. 4. The Pathogen is engulfed by the White Blood Cell. Natural Immunity This is when Anti-bodies are produced by a Person when needed or they are passed on by a mother during Pregnancy. Artificial Immunity A Vaccine with dead Microbes is injected – the body is ‘tricked’ into producing anti-bodies ready for the real thing. This is called Passive Immunisation. We should use the new influenza vaccines every year because influenza reproduces very quickly. Also it has a high mutation rate, which means that it changes so you need to continually be protected by Influenza. Especially if you suffer from other illnesses, because you would be at risk the most. Also the antigens would have changed shape. Vaccinations Policy Benefits – Wont spread through a large population is a benefit. Also if a woman has a vaccination then falls pregnant she passes the antibodies onto the child. A vaccine Policy is a decision made by the government to vaccinate a large amount of people. This usually only works if the majority of people agree to it. Antibiotics Immunity/ Immune: When your body has already met a Pathogen once and therefore cannot make you ill again Antibody: These attach to pathogens and Stick the together. Vaccine/ Vaccination: An inactive or dead version of a pathogen is introduced into the body. Antigen: The marker on a Pathogen that a White Blood Cell can recognise. White Blood cells: a Cell that produces Antibodies. Antibiotics: * You take them and they kill the bacteria and it makes you better * You have to take them continually * They take a while to settle in * They kill infections * They are produced by Bacteria and Fungi * Are Drugs that are effective at killing Bacteria and Fungi * Antibiotics do not seriously damage body cells * Antibiotics are derived from micro-organisms * Penicillin comes from bread mould and was the first antibiotic discovered. * However they have limited use and have no effect on viruses. Antibiotics and Superbugs Antibiotics are used to kill Bacteria and Fungi in an infection in the body. The chemicals are made from Fungi and Bacteria. Antibiotics are Drugs that kill Bacteria and Fungi without harming body cells. These drugs do not affect viruses. A Superbug Bacteria is a Mutation to a Normal Bacteria. It is resistant to normal Antibiotics. How could we help Reduce Superbugs? Hospitals Hospitals can make sure that they treat people with the Superbug properly to stop it from spreading. Keep the Hospital Clean. Inject staff to Stop it Spreading, and to make them Immune. GP Inject people more Often and Give out Leaflets. Drug Companies Make a more effective drug and make a vaccine. The Public Allow people to inject them and make them immune. Antibiotic Resistance Stages 1. The cell starts to replicate the DNA 2. The cell has had the DNA Replicate. So therefore the cell has elongated. 3. The Cell has started budding. 4. Binary Fission has taken place and the cell has cloned itself. A Mutation is a change in the bases that make up DNA. These changes can cause a change in a gene. This can change a Protein and thus affect the Characteristics of an Organism. Drug Trials It is important to do strict test on drugs to check that they are safe for use, do what they are supposed to do and to check the side effects. Drugs are tested on human cells that have been developed in a laboratory (The drug is tested on different body cells), then it is tested on animals (to see whether it works as well on whole animals as on the cells) before it is used on human patients(these are tested on volunteers).The three drug trials are Double blind(both doctor and patient do not know the drug is new), Blind trial(only the patient does not know the drug is true but the doctor does), and Open trial(both doctor and patient know the drug is new). A placebo is when a doctor gives a patient something that does not contain Drugs. A Placebo is used in blind trials.

War and Grief in Faulkner’s Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished :: Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essays

War and Grief in Faulkner’s Shall Not Perish and The Unvanquished It is inevitable when dealing regularly with a subject as brutal as war, that death will occur. Death brings grief for the victim’s loved ones, which William Faulkner depicts accurately and fairly in many of his works, including the short story â€Å"Shall Not Perish† and The Unvanquished. While the works differ because of the time (The Unvanquished deals with the Civil War while â€Å"Shall Not Perish† takes place during World War II) and the loved ones grieving (The Unvanquished shows the grief of a lover and â€Å"Shall Not Perish† shows the grief of families), the pain they all feel is the same. When we first meet Cousin Drusilla, her fiancà ©e Gavin has already died at battle. Some Southern ladies may have handled their grief passively, retreating to their beds to sleep their pain away. However, Drusilla takes a different approach. She becomes a part of the war, actively saving her horse when the Yankees burn her family home and eventually joining her uncle’s cavalry. Drusilla refuses to passively grieve; she becomes a part of the war for which her lover felt so strongly that he was willing to die. In doing so, however, she becomes detached from the Southern life the men are trying to preserve. She thinks Gavin’s death has opened her eyes to a new world and that the old world in which they lived was pointless. â€Å"Living used to be dull, you see. Stupid. You lived in the same house your father was born in and your father’s sons and daughters had the sons and daughters of the same negro slaves to nurse and coddle, and then you grew up and you fell in love with your acceptable young man and in time you would marry him, in your mother’s wedding gown perhaps and with the same silver for presents she had received†¦Stupid, you see† (100-101). However, Drusilla—even though she may not be willing to admit it, even to herself—had always wanted that kind of life. She easily fell in love with Gavin, and once he was gone, she decided to give up her dreams of that kind of life—she wasn’t going to wait for the war to end so she could start the cycle of finding â€Å"an acceptable young man† again. Drusilla was going to take Gavin’s spot in the war, out of love and grief and loyalty.

Essays --

Many things can set apart the different people in the world, but a crucial characteristic that makes the world diverse is a person’s moral ethics and values. Ethics is a defining key that is shared by people all around for it is what people use to make decisions that impact themselves and the people around them. In William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, Shakespeare expresses his own value of all deeds have consequences through the characters Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Malcolm and the plot of the story. It depends on how you refer to the word consequences. Good or bad. â€Å" Nought's had, all's spent, where our desire is got without content; 'Tis safer to be that which we destroy. Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy.† (3.2.7-9) This shows that getting what you want doesn’t always bring peace. Lady MacBeth is one of the most alluring female characters in Macbeth. She is evil and witch-like all at the same time. However, during the play we see her in two different ways. When we first meet her in the beginning, she is a brutally violent, power craving witch, and later on she turns into a shameful, suicidal, grieving, woman. Lady Macbeth’s deception plays a big role in Macbeth’s actions because she wished of nothing but the death of King Duncan. The problem was, she was a female and did not have the masculinity to murder someone so she used the next most capable power she had. Deception. She deceived Macbeth into killing Duncan. "Wouldst thou have that which thou esteem'st the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem." (1.7.45-47) She states that if Macbeth does not following through with the deed of murdering Duncan, he would make a coward of himself and would look foolish in his own eyes. After the murder of Duncan, Lady ... ...leader to follow and look to. To express his morals and values throughout the characters and the plot of the play, Shakespeare created a storyline that successfully gave each character a role that shows the turn outs of what would happen if ethical decisions were not made and displayed the way that they were supposed to. In his play Macbeth, Shakespeare is sharing to the audience that through every action you make, there is always a consequence that must be dealt with or a certain outcome that you must live up to. He does this through his characters Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Malcolm. While not all people have the same set of morals as each other, everyone has the power to make the best or worst decisions. The aftermath of those decisions play into the lives of everyone around including their own and can either create great success in someones life or fatal tragedy.

Burdens of History Essay

The British imperial history has long been a fortress of conservative scholarship, its study separated from mainstream British history, its practitioners resistant to engaging with new approaches stemming from the outside – such as feminist scholarship, postcolonial cultural studies, social history, and black history. In this light, Antoinette Burton’s Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 represents challenges to the limited vision and exclusivity of standard imperial history. Burton’s Burdens of History is part of a budding new imperial history, which is characterized by its diversity instead of a single approach. In this book, the author examines the relationship between liberal middle-class British feminists, Indian women, and imperial culture in the 1865-1915 period. Its primary objective is to relocate â€Å"British feminist ideologies in their imperial context and problematizing Western feminists’ historical relationships to imperial culture at home† (p. 2). Burton describes Burdens of History as a history of â€Å"discourse† (p. 7). By this, she means the history of British feminism, imperialism, orientalism, and colonialism. Throughout the book, the author interposes and synthesizes current reinterpretations of British imperial history, women’s history, and cultural studies that integrate analyses of race and gender in attempts at finding the ideological structures implanted in language. In this book, Burton analyzes a wide assortment of feminist periodicals for the way British feminists fashioned an image of a disenfranchised and passive colonized female â€Å"Other†. The impact of the message conveyed was to highlight not a rejection of empire – as modern-day feminists too readily have tended to assume – but a British feminist imperial obligation. According to Burton, empire lives up to what they and many of their contemporaries believed were its purposes and ethical ideals. Burton based her book on extensive empirical research. Here, she is concerned with the material as well as the ideological and aware of the complexity of historical interpretation. Backed by these, the author particularly examines the relationship between imperialism and women’s suffrage. Burton brings together a remarkable body of evidence to back her contention that women’s suffrage campaigners’ claims for recognition as imperial citizens were legitimated as â€Å"an extension of Britain’s worldwide civilizing mission† (p. 6). Centering on the Englishwoman’s Review before 1900 and suffrage journals post 1900, the author finds an imperialized discourse that made British women’s parliamentary vote and emancipation imperative if they were to â€Å"shoulder the burdens required of imperial citizens† (p. 172). The author shows in Burdens of History how Indian women were represented as â€Å"the white feminist burden† (p. 10) as â€Å"helpless victims awaiting the representation of their plight and the redress of their condition at the hands of their sisters in the metropole† (p. 7). Responding both on the charge that white feminists need to address the method of cultural analysis pioneered by Edward Said and the imperial location and racial assumptions of historical feminisms, Burton explores the images of Indian women within Victorian and Edwardian feminist writing. In her analysis, the author argues that Indian women functioned as the ideological â€Å"Other† within such texts, their presence serving to authorize feminist activities and claims. By creating an image of tainted Oriental womanhood, and by presenting enforced widowhood, seclusion, and child marriage as â€Å"the totality of Eastern women’s experiences† (p. 67), British feminists insisted on their own superior emancipation and laid claim to a wider imperial role. However, while feminists persistently reiterated their responsibility for Indian women, the major purpose of such rhetoric was to institute the value of feminism to the imperial nation. According to the author: â€Å"The chief function of the Other woman was to throw into relief those special qualities of the British feminist that not only bound her to the race and the empire but made her the highest and most civilized national female type, the very embodiment of social progress and progressive civilization† (p. 83). According to Burton, British feminists were, â€Å"complicitous with much of British imperial enterprise† (p. 25): their movement must be seen as supportive of that wider imperial effort. She sustains this argument through an examination of feminist emancipatory writings, feminist periodicals and the literature of both the campaign against the application of the Contagious Diseases Acts in India and the campaign for the vote. Indeed, the greatest strength of this book lies in the fact that Burton has made a n extensive search through contemporary feminist literature from a new perspective. In the process, she recovers some quite interesting subgenres within feminist writing. She shows, for instance, how feminist histories sought to reinterpret the Anglo-Saxon past to justify their own political claims and specifying some characteristic differences between explicitly feminist and more general women’s periodicals. Certainly, Burton’s survey establishes the centrality of imperial issues to the British feminist movement, providing a helpful genealogy of some styles of argumentation that have persisted to the present day. Burdens of History is a serious contribution to feminist history and the history of feminism. In conclusion, Burton states that British feminists were agents operating both in opposition to oppressive ideologies and in support of them-sometimes simultaneously, because they saw in empire an inspiration, a rationale, and a validation for women’s reform activities in the public sphere. Her arguments are persuasive; indeed, once stated, they become almost axiomatic. However, Burton’s work is to some extent flawed by two major problems. First, the author never compares the â€Å"imperial feminism†; rather she locates in her texts to other imperial ideologies. In addition, Burton does not subject imperialism to the same kind of careful scrutiny she turns on feminism. She does not define â€Å"imperialism† in her section on definitions, but uses the term – as she uses â€Å"feminism† – largely to denote an attitude of mind. Another problem is Burton’s failure to address the question of how feminist imperialism worked in the world more generally. It is true that feminists sought the vote using a rhetoric of cross-cultural maternal and racial uplift, however, one may ask: what were the effects of this strategy on the hearing accorded their cause, on wider attitudes toward race and empire, and, more specifically, on policies toward India? The author not only brushes aside such questions; she implies that they are unimportant. It seems that, for Burton, the ideological efforts of British feminists were significant only for British feminism. It can be argued that Burton’s difficulty in tracing the way Burdens of History works in the world is a consequence of her methodological and archival choices. The problem is not that the author has chosen to approach her subject through a â€Å"discursive tack† (p. 27), but rather that she has employed this method too narrowly and on too restrictive range of sources. While the author has read almost every piece of feminist literature, she has not gone beyond this source base to systematically examine either competing official documents, Indian feminist writings, or imperial discourses. Thus, Burton’s texts are treated either self-referentially or with reference to current feminist debates. Overall, Burton’s approach is useful in providing a critical history for feminism today, Certainly, it is as a critique of Western feminism’s pretensions to universal and transhistorical high-mindedness that Burdens of History succeeds. However, if one wishes to map out the impact of imperial feminism not only on feminism today, but also on imperial practices and relations historically, one needs a study that is willing to cross the border between political history and intellectual history and to take greater methodological risks.

Ambrose and brinkley abstract essays

Ambrose and brinkley abstract essays The essays from Chapter 9 of Major Problems focus on the impression of the World War II on the country and the soldiers. Stephen Ambrose writes about D-Day, when the Axis launched surprised attack to seize the Omaha Beach, and the military strategy and the tragedy that went into the landing at Omaha Beach. Also, it illustrates what soldiers had to face when their boats came to rest at Omaha Beach. In contrast, Alan Brinkley discusses the effects of WWII on the home front of the United States. Where he says, the war helped end the great depression and changed the roles of the African Americans and women during and after the war. I found Ambroses idea more effective, because the events in his essay give an account of military strategy and what soldiers had to face when they reached Omaha Beach with the actual event. I believe that Brinkleys essay is efficient in the sense that WWII did end the great depression, and bring about many changes for women and African Americans. However, looking at it from the soldiers perspective, they did not go to the war to change things in United States. They went to war because they were attacked by Japan at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Many women performed jobs long considered the exclusive province of men. Well, since most of the men were in Europe and the Pacific, there were vacancies in the factories and offices. Besides, those factories and offices required them since; the men at war will need all the food, weapons, vehicles, clothing, shoes etc. during their stay there. Ambrose on the other hand, draws a picture of how terrified soldiers took over the Omaha Beach. They were not thinking about what needed to be done to bring change at home, but they were thinking how to escape the shower of bullets and stay alive. All along the bluff, German soldiers watched the landing craft approach, their fingers on the triggers of machine guns, rifles, arti ...

stabilizing american gov. essays

stabilizing american gov. essays In 1788 the Americans established a system of government under the Constitution. This government was new and unusual. It contained an executive branch, a judicial branch, and a legislative branch. The government started weak and bankrupt. The states and the nation were in dept from the war. The world was very skeptical about the strength of government would have. What started out to be an insecure and unstable government soon turned into a firm and established government due to the efforts of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. George Washington was unanimously chosen to be president in the first presidential election. George Washington was the revolutionary war hero whom everyone adored. Standing at 6 2 and weighing 170 pounds, Washington was a prominent figure who people listened to. Washington knew the instability of the government and the rough road it faced for the next few decades. With the French Revolution at hand, Washington declared a Proclamation of Neutrality. This proclaimed the US would not be militarily involved during the French Revolution, going against an earlier treaty America made with France. Washington also suggested merchants to cease trading. The government allowed the ships to trade with the European countries, but did not off them any aid if they were attacked. The Proclamation of Neutrality ordained Americas foreign policy of semi-isolation. Americas foreign policy allowed the country to focus on repaying its debts and building a national bank. By not being involved in a foreign conflict, America was able to strengthen its government. While under Washingtons presidency the Jay Treaty was signed. This took a major step to peace between America and Europe. Washington showed his persistence in strengthening the government by signing a treaty that gave them nothing but a guarantee that England wouldnt attack. When Citizen Genet came to America to...

History and Geography of Germany

History and Geography of Germany Population: 81,471,834 (July 2011 estimate)Capital: BerlinArea: 137,847 square miles (357,022 sq km)Coastline: 2,250 miles (3,621 km)Highest Point: Zugspitze at 9,721 feet (2,963 m)Lowest Point: Neuendorf bei Wilster at -11 feet (-3.5 m)Germany is a country located in Western and Central Europe. Its capital and largest city is Berlin but other large cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne and Frankfurt. Germany is one of the most populous countries of the European Union and it has one of the largest economies in Europe. It is known for its history, high standard of living and cultural heritage. History of Germany: Weimar Republic to Today According to the U.S. Department of State, in 1919 the Weimar Republic was formed as a democratic state but Germany gradually began to experience economic and social problems. By 1929 the government had lost much of its stability as the world entered a depression and the presence of dozens of political parties in Germanys government hampered its ability to create a unified system. By 1932 the National Socialist Party (Nazi Party) led by Adolf Hitler was growing in power and in 1933 the Weimar Republic was mostly gone. In 1934 President Paul von Hindenburg died and Hitler, who had been named Reich Chancellor in 1933, became Germanys leader.Once the Nazi Party took power in Germany nearly all democratic institutions in the country were abolished. In addition, Germanys Jewish peoples were jailed as were any members of opposing parties. Shortly thereafter the Nazis began a policy of genocide against the countrys Jewish population. This later became known as the Holocaust and around six m illion Jewish people in both Germany and other Nazi occupied areas were killed. In addition to the Holocaust, Nazi governmental policies and expansionist practices eventually led to World War II. This later destroyed Germanys political structure, economy and many of its cities.On May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered and the United States, United Kingdom, USSR and France took control under what was called Four Power Control. Initially Germany was to be controlled as a single unit, but eastern Germany soon became dominated by Soviet policies. In 1948 the USSR blockaded Berlin and by 1949 East and West Germany were created. West Germany, or the Federal Republic of Germany, followed principles set forth by the U.S. and U.K., while East Germany was controlled by the Soviet Union and its communist policies. As a result, there was severe political and social unrest in Germany throughout most of the mid-1900s and in the 1950s millions of East Germans fled to the west. In 1961 the Berlin Wall was constructed, officially dividing the two.By the 1980 pressure for political ref orm and German unification was growing and in 1989 the Berlin Wall fell and in 1990 the Four Power Control ended. As a result, Germany began to unify itself and on December 2, 1990 it held the first all German elections since 1933. Since the 1990s, Germany has continued to regain its political, economic and social stability and today it is known for having a high standard of living and a strong economy. Government of Germany Today Germanys government is considered a federal republic. It has an executive branch of government with a chief of state who is the countrys president and a head of government who is known as the chancellor. Germany also has a bicameral legislature made up of the Federal Council and the Federal Diet. Germanys judicial branch consists of the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Court of Justice and the Federal Administrative Court. The country is divided into 16 states for local administration. Economics and Land Use in Germany Germany has a very strong, modern economy that is considered the fifth largest in the world. In addition, according to the CIA World Factbook, it is one of the worlds most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal cement and chemicals. Other industries in Germany include machinery production, motor vehicle manufacture, electronics, shipbuilding and textiles. Agriculture also plays a role in Germanys economy and the main products are potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, cabbage, fruit, cattle pigs and dairy products. Geography and Climate of Germany Germany is located in Central Europe along the Baltic and North Seas. It also shares borders with nine different countries - some of which include France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Belgium. Germany has a varied topography with lowlands in the north, the Bavarian Alps in the south and uplands in the central part of the country. The highest point in Germany is Zugspitze at 9,721 feet (2,963 m), while the lowest is Neuendorf bei Wilster at -11 feet (-3.5 m).The climate of Germany is considered temperate and marine. It has cool, wet winters and mild summers. The average January low temperature for Berlin, the capital of Germany, is 28.6ËšF (-1.9ËšC) and the average July high temperature the city is 74.7ËšF (23.7ËšC).To learn more about Germany, visit the Geography and Maps section on Germany on this website. Source:Central Intelligence Agency. (17 June 2011). CIA - The World Factbook - Germany. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html ï » ¿Infoplease.com. (n.d.).Germany: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107568.html United States Department of State. (10 November 2010). Germany. Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htm Wikipedia.com. (20 June 2011). Germany - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany

My model of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

My model of leadership - Essay Example Leadership models help to understand the implications of specific behaviours that are generally portrayed by a leader in different circumstances. However, these behaviours also differ from person to person. This is because, every individual follows a leadership style that is suited for his personality and also suits the organizational setting in which he is working. Selecting the appropriate leadership style is vital for the growth of a person (Sosik and Godshalk, 2000). Several forms of leadership styles exist in a work environment. Each leadership style has its own pros and cons. The objectives and work culture in an organisation helps to decide the form of leadership which is best suited for its business practices. Some organizations allow flexibility in selection of leadership styles and therefore, the style may change with the task at hand. While selecting the leadership style, various realistic factors have to be kept in mind. However, in order to develop as a successful leader, an individual should make effort to understand all the leadership style and then adapt to the attributes which is essential for his growth in the long run. The effectiveness of a leader is enhanced when he selects the appropriate style based on the environment he is working in. Sometimes people apply the same style in every situation which is not a correct approach. There are various leadership styles which have overlapping characteristics i.e. transformational and charismatic. Some of the styles are complementary to each other and give better results when used together i.e. team and facilitative leadership. Some are entirely opposite to each other like, participative and autocratic. Based on the various forms of leadership, it can be seen that, Transformational leadership is a form that is mostly preferred by organizations and individuals because of its special attributes (Bass

Ancient Greek Philosopher Confucius Research Paper

Ancient Greek Philosopher Confucius - Research Paper Example He believed that change is the constant force of the universe. Everything is changing and even the next second, we are not the same person. Change is elemental in the universal process. He also believes that elements of the universe do change themselves but one element is intertwined with another as he stated once, â€Å"To souls it is death to become water, to water death to become earth, but from earth water is born, and from water soul† (Pro and Ilmari, 2012). He was of the opinion that although elements in universe change but they remain constant in totality due to natural laws. There are harmonizing elements or forces present in nature that does not let happen anything drastic but keep things in equilibrium. Heraclitus was a great believer of war as many philosophers may have expected of him. He stated â€Å"War is father of all, king of all. Some it makes gods, some it makes men, some it makes slaves, some free and we must realize that war is universal, and strife is justice, and that all things come into being and pass away through strife.† These ideas depict that he was of the belief that these are the conflicting ideas that bring lively uniformity in universe (Thomas, 2012). Heraclitus also believed that to exist in society, one good man is worth ten thousand ordinary people as one good man can bring stand out character to the society. It clearly means that he distrust many in society but believes a very few people (Daniel, 2011). Ethical foundations are also found in Heraclitus philosophy. He believes that a man should not be derived by his wishes and should not try to get whatever he wants as it will lose its purification of soul that is the chief ambition of a soul. Ideas of the Greek Heraclitus were clearly opposed to the concept of dualism. He also believed that there is no after life or death for soul rather it remains

Distinguishing Management and Leadership Competencies Term Paper

Distinguishing Management and Leadership Competencies - Term Paper Example According to Meads (2006), health institutions in many parts of the world have introduced computerized self check-in systems for their outpatient customers whereby the patient reporting for check-up confirms and subsequently validates the correctness that the institution has on them. Meads (2006) further adds that self check-in can also be done manually in the developing countries incapable of introducing such computerized systems. In manual self check-in, the patient reporting for medical check-up writes down the required information such as name, sex, and age and them proceeds for check-up. The implementation of a self check-in system either computerized or manual requires specific management and leadership competencies. In laymans terms, competencies are skills and behaviors of an effective leader or manager. According to Laureate Education Inc (2012), "Leadership is all about creating change, and it involves establishing direction, aligning people toward that direction, and also establishing change through connecting with people" (p. 1). In regard to leadership competencies necessary for the implementation of a self check-in for appointments in outpatient setting, a leader ought to have the capacity or ability to ensure the creation of constructive relationships between all stakeholders (Zaleznik, 2004). Zaleznik (2004) also notes that he or she should also be able to offer support and collaborate with all stakeholders in the recognition of the problem, in this case long queues, and in creation of plans of action aimed at alleviating the problem, i.e. the implementat ion of self check-in systems for appointment of outpatients. To identify a problem, some of the skills necessary include listening skills, critical thinking, and persuasion skills. Implementation of change requires the leader to have specific competencies such as coordination skills,

Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#3 - Assignment Example Discuss the final result of the different schedules in Figure 21.3 (a) and (b), where M = 2 and N = 2, with respect to the following questions. Does adding the above condition change the final outcome? Does the outcome obey the implied consistency rule (that the capacity of X is 90)? However, a transaction could end in two ways, When it â€Å"Commits† that is all changes to the database are registered or â€Å"Rollback† when the chances are ignored and database returns to original state. With ARIES, main memory buffers that have been modified are not flushed to disk. ARIES, however writes additional information to the LOG in the form of a Transaction Table and a Dirty Page Table when a checkpoint occurs. No-steal means that the cache (buffer) page updated by a transaction cannot be written to disk before the transaction commits. Force means that updated pages are written to disk when a transaction commits. 24.33  - Suppose that privilege (a) of exercise 24.32 is to be given with GRANT OPTION but only so that account A can grant it to at most five accounts, and each of these accounts can propagate the privilege to other accounts but without the GRANT OPTION privilege. What would the horizontal and vertical propagation limits be in this case? 24.34  - Consider the relation shown in Figure 24.2 (d). How would it appear to a user with classification U? Suppose a classification U user tries to update the salary of "Smith" to $50,000; what would be the result of this

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Case - Essay Example Through the bill of sale, Riley transferred to Thelma one-half undivided interest in seven units of the property. Through the assignment, Riley also assigned one-half undivided interest in the lease property. This interest included the right of survivorship in favor of Thelma for the other half interest held by Riley. The consideration for both of these agreements was $1.00. The two separated and Thelma went to court seeking to end their domestic partnership as well as enforce the two agreements. According to Riley, the two agreements lacked consideration. On the other hand, Thelma argued that their pending engagement and the amount that she had deposited into their joint account was sufficient consideration for the enforcement of both agreements. The trial court upheld the agreement and divided the property in accordance with the sale agreement as well as the assignment. Riley was not satisfied with the decision of the trial court and went to the Court of Appeal of Tennessee to appeal against the decision of the trial court. Reasons: the court looked at the two agreements and examined them to check whether the four elements that a valid contract should fulfill were present. These four elements are offer, acceptance, consideration and intention to enter into a legally binding contract. The court in looking at the element of consideration, ruled that it was adequate. In a contract, consideration need adequate but sufficient. The court stated that consideration however small is sufficient consideration. It is the responsibility of the seller to seek Consideration is the element that distinguishes a gift from a sale and in this circumstance; the court held that the detriment suffered by the defendant in this case does not have to be equal to the responsibility that is assumed. So long as there was no fraud in passing the interests, the court could

Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#3 - Assignment Example Discuss the final result of the different schedules in Figure 21.3 (a) and (b), where M = 2 and N = 2, with respect to the following questions. Does adding the above condition change the final outcome? Does the outcome obey the implied consistency rule (that the capacity of X is 90)? However, a transaction could end in two ways, When it â€Å"Commits† that is all changes to the database are registered or â€Å"Rollback† when the chances are ignored and database returns to original state. With ARIES, main memory buffers that have been modified are not flushed to disk. ARIES, however writes additional information to the LOG in the form of a Transaction Table and a Dirty Page Table when a checkpoint occurs. No-steal means that the cache (buffer) page updated by a transaction cannot be written to disk before the transaction commits. Force means that updated pages are written to disk when a transaction commits. 24.33  - Suppose that privilege (a) of exercise 24.32 is to be given with GRANT OPTION but only so that account A can grant it to at most five accounts, and each of these accounts can propagate the privilege to other accounts but without the GRANT OPTION privilege. What would the horizontal and vertical propagation limits be in this case? 24.34  - Consider the relation shown in Figure 24.2 (d). How would it appear to a user with classification U? Suppose a classification U user tries to update the salary of "Smith" to $50,000; what would be the result of this

Should women be able to drive in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Should women be able to drive in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example ltra conservative mullahs, the kingdom simply does not issue driving licenses to women, thereby leaving them practically helpless when it comes to the freedom of being mobile. The larger belief that supports this blanket ban on women in Saudi Arabia ensues from the traditional Islamic and tribal customs, as per which, allowing women the simple and plain freedom of driving will not only upset the strict segregation of sexes in Saudi Arabia, but will also expose the Saudi women to more dangerous situations that will dilute the honor of their male guardians and the male hierarchy in the Saudi society, giving way to utter chaos and social confusion. Hence, most of the Saudi women are they the traditional homemakers, or the more ambitious and outgoing career women, many of them having received education in the West are to contend with the feasible alternative of being driven around the town by a male driver. Many a times, many progressive Saudi women have tried to protest against this ban on female driving, only to be arrested and handed back to their male guardians. The situation for women gets even more stifling considering the fact that many other Gulf nations like United Arab Emirates and Kuwait do allow the women to drive. Many progressive Saudi women do hope that the winds of change will eventually sweep Saudi Arabia also. Yet, the bad thing is that irrespective of the multiple changes going on in the Gulf in general and the rest of the world in particular, Saudi Arabia has stood steadfastly to its stance of not allowing the women to drive. In a larger context, this ban on women driving prevailing in Saudi Arabia needs to be understood in the light of the traditional Saudi religious and tribal beliefs and the associated fears and apprehensions. It is not that forbidding women to drive in Saudi Arabia is a constraint that is apart from the traditional Saudi values and norms. Yet, the irony is that these very traditional Saudi norms and customs are totally

Sports Aid charity Essay Example for Free

Sports Aid charity Essay Sports Aid charity offers grants to individuals that helps them perfect their training and develop mainly for the individual more than the club.It encourages young and dissabled talent in sports nation wide.  It is funded by the Department of culture, media and sports through England.Its main target is focusing on development in the ethnic minority as this tends to attract less funding than the other groups. Its aim is to invest in ethnic minority such as-Asian woman participating in more sport. Community Chest grants are offered to projects that encourage greater involvement in local community activities.Grants are generally between à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000, and applications are welcome at any time. There are no deadlines or dates to worry about. Sports England supports buildings equppment and gives advice and guidelines.  currently 5 million of government funding is received per year and to date à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½70 million has been invested into grass roots sport thanks to the Sportsmatch Scheme. Most grants awarded are for amounts up to 1,000 and are available to fund groups working with:  Older people (over 65)  Taxas help fund for sports because we get our money off the goverment if we didnt pay these taxas then sport would go down.The number of voluntary sports clubs are decreasing i know this because its quotes it on the CCPR website.  Only 22 perecent of clubs income greater than their expenditure and 34 percent described their financial position a precarious. Things will get worse without tax exemtions from the goverment.  Legal responsibilities:  A coach is required to obay by the National Governing Bodys code of ethics and conduct and as a coach they should have legal responsibilities. they should recognise the importance of Helath and Saftey and treating the public with care.  This means having access to first aid and ermergancy service. A coach can be liable if there is any evidence that shows the standards have not been followed. Checking equppment is safe. Chilldren need to be protected from any violence or abuse. To ensure this is carried out in the the strictest way coaches need to be checked of any crimminal convictions and show evidence of a clean record.  Coaches should have appropriate insurance which covers both public liability and personal accidents. Many governing bodies include insurance as part of their affiliation fee. Be aware of the Licensing laws such as the code of conduct follow it with great care and accept others too aswel.  Protect the young people you work with maintain a parental relationship with them aswel as a coach. Advice them on healthy eating such as nutrition tell that whats good for them, inform them on the importance of food and hygine,how important it is to eat the right foods and keep clean ect.

Definition Of Treating Everyone Fairly

Definition Of Treating Everyone Fairly The application of common standards or same treatment does not necessarily mean respect for a persons personality or individualism. Individuals cannot create their own opportunities as they are state provided. People should be free to choose which job they want to do. Many people refuse that equality of opportunity exists in democratic societies. There are some arguments that equality is of no importance to most people due to the fact that they do not have an equal economic or social status. It can be also argued, that rich people have greater opportunities in education and employment as they are in an beneficial situation because of their wealth. likewise, another thing to mention is that there is a prejudice from the past years until today against some racial groups and women, which situates them in a disadvantageous position as they have no right to equal opportunities. Opportunities in any social system are determined not only by ability, commitment, interest, corruption and luck but also by the unpredictable physical and human environment. Opportunities can be completely equalized only by controlling the physical environment and human behavior into predictable patterns. During the years the realization dawned that it was impossible not only to place everyone on the same starting line but to expect them to finish together  [1]  . For a democratic society to exist there must be political opportunities, economic opportunities as to have wealth and prosperity. All discriminatory laws should be removed. Official discriminatory practices should be terminated and assistance should be extended to the less advantaged without penalizing others  [2]  . Despite the colour of our skin, the place where we were born, our religion we all have the right to be treated fairly. But what does fairly mean? Does it mean equality, common standards, that we are all the same or that we have to be treated according our differences? The term social inequality is a wide term which represents all the societies in our days. Facing the problem of social inequality we can recognize two different aspects. The first is the distributive one which is related on how the variety of factors, such as education, wealth, occupation and so on, are distributed in the society. The second one is based on how the individuals are related to each other in a system of groups. When talking about equality we are basically mean the equal opportunities, it also protects people from being discriminated on the grounds of religion, disability, age, belief or sexual orientation. Aristotle stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Justice is thought to be equality; and so it is, but for equals, not for everybody. Inequality is also thought to be just; and so it is, but for unequals, not for everybody  [3]  . Also, in his paper Justice as Fairness, John Rawls set out two principles. Firstly, that each person participating in a practice, or affected by it, has an equal right to the most extensive liberty compatible with a like liberty for all. And secondly, that inequalities are arbitrary unless it is reasonable to expect that they will work out for everyones advantage, and provided the positions and offices to which they attach, or from which they may be gained, are open to all  [4]  . In 1950s British government, while facing a problem with labour shortage, turned its face to the British colonies and ex-colonies and as a result, immigrants were employed in low-status jobs. Since the immigrant labour was very cheap, the money that the British government saved should have been used for improving the conditions under which the immigrants were living. Therefore, this never happened since the number of immigrants increased. However, immigrants were accepted as workers by the British people but they were socially unwelcomed, and this raised new racial stereotypes in the United Kingdom. There is a claim that when people are in a comparable situation, they should be treated in an equal manner. As Castberg stated, Everywhere , a law which for instance imposed special taxes on person with long arms or short legs, red hair or big ears would be regarded as unjust and unwarrantable, irrespective of whether the law was correctly applied in accordance with its content  [5]  . However, equality does not mean that people should be treated in the same manner even if they are considered to fall in the same class because this disregards peoples differences. Discrimination has a big effect in public relating to any analysis of human rights and can be a problem which occurs in relation to equality before the law. No human being is equal in every respect and can be distinguished not only by mental and physical attributes but also by their particular circumstances. It is these various differences that lead to acts and for which appear to be discrimination. There are numerous situations whereby each human being must not be treated equally otherwise where is the freedom from discrimination? By equality before the law we mean that when a law is made, each person must be treated in the same way. Equal protection of the law is when applying or enforcing a law which has already been implemented, there should be no differentiation except on a rational and justifiable basis, something which does not create inequality, and as already mentioned, no human being can be treated equally. As an example of the above, traditionally, people and particularly men, are biased against women claiming that women should be focused on their family having a nurturing role. This is like trapping women and removing their freedom of choice as to what they want to do with their lives. Is like denying women their right to choose by restricting their choice between mother-hood and career. Durkheim, deals with the sexual separation in the labour and he states that in the past the gap between men and women was smaller, women retired from public affairs and warfare and focused her attention only to her family. In nowadays, womans situation is differentiated from that of man, who has now realized that women are able to participate in the same activities as them. An illustration of the fact that people are treated differently is that homosexuals in the past could not serve in the army. But, in 1973 the military allowed homosexuals to get into the army. Some may claim that the fact that different Acts and rules apply for homosexuals it is itself discriminatory since it distinguishes them from the other people. However, the law itself previously was discriminatory and the new law is nothing more than positive discrimination and an improvement towards equality. In addition, in 2001 Netherlands was the first country which allowed the marriage between people with the same sex. United Kingdom government introduced the Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007. Moreover, most of the other countries have the civil partnership and as a result of that there is a different status between heterosexuals and homosexuals. This equals to inferiority and inequality. Accordingly, another thing to consider is whether all societies can follow a particular ideology or whether it is necessary to have many different ideologies which are based on different types of societies. By homogeneous society we mean a society where the citizens have the same values, ethnicity, language and religion. In our days it is difficult to find such homogeneous societies since we all have different language, religion, culture and so on. Especially, the United Kingdom is a multiculturalism society, so it is not possible for the people to live in one homogeneous society. Therefore, in nowadays, there are some examples of such societies, such as Japanese society, Chinese and some African tribes. Hence, if societies have different natures and essences, they naturally call for different programmes, plans, ideals. In this case, one single ideology cannot be applied to all of them  [6]  . People in a way tend to other each other and tend to think of themselves different, not necessarily better, but at least different. People all over the world are biased, feeling that they do not belong anywhere, that they are strangers, or that they are sub-humans. The only word that comes in my mind when thinking of that is racism. Every group in this world tends to put some standards for itself and criticizes people consequently, so anyone who meets with these standards belongs to the group and anyone who does not meet with them is the other. Other, can be called a person with a different nationality, social class, religion, political ideology and many other types. Emmanuel Levinas stated, act in such a way that you always respect the absolute singularity of the other, and/or the irreducibility of otherness. If we look around us, around the whole world, we will realize that racism is an everyday phenomenon, but through the history we have learned that two group of people have treated really bad and discriminated, the women and the black people. People have abandoned an idea that black people are people with no education, uncivilized and that white people are at the top of the hierarchy, and that is just because they have a different colour. They accept the fact that they do not belong in the community and that they do not have the same rights as the white people. But they do have rights and they should stand for them. Today, the blacks can be considered equal to the whites. They are no longer prevented from going to certain schools, restaurants, or libraries. They can even participate in politics and this can be seen clearly in the United States since its President nowadays is Barak Obama, who is a black person  [7]  . The French Declaration was the declaration of men, citizen and others. Does this mean that women are not included? In fact, women did not have a right to vote until 1944 and also, until the 20th century they did not have a right to education and employment. Still, in nowadays women have not reached the top of the status of humanity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, states that all men are born equal in rights and in dignity. This is evidently a great fallacy. People are not born equal but totally unequal. Indeed, infancy and childhood are the best examples of human inequality and dependency upon others, upon parents, family members and community networks, within which human life starts, develops and ends  [8]  . After the French Revolution, slavery was abolished but this was not permanent. The human prototype enjoying the rights of the declarations was not only male but also white. The French declaration, as well as the following declarations was not concerned with gender or race. Edmund Burke regarding the rights in the declarations said that they are not universal or absolute; they do not belong to abstract men but to particular people in concrete societies with their infinitive modification of circumstances, tradition and legal entitlement  [9]  . Marx criticized that Human Rights that turns real people into abstract ciphers. Also, the man of human rights is abstract and empty. They promote the interest of a very concrete person, the selfish and possessive individual of capitalism. The subject of human rights loses her concrete identity, with its class, gender and ethnic characteristics; all real human determinations are sacrificed on the altar of the abstract man lacking history and context  [10]  . Karl Marx. in the Critique of the Gotha Programme, stated that Right by its very nature can consist only in the application of an equal standard; but unequal individuals (and they would not be different individuals if they were not unequal) are measurable only by an equal point of view, are taken from one definite side onlyOne worker is married, another is not; one has more children than another and so on and so forth.. To avoid all these defects, right instead of being equal would have to be unequal  [11]  . All human beings are equally entitled to some rights, Human Rights, despite their sex nationality, religion, colour or any other status. We are all different but all equal. So how can we use our Human Rights, do they really make a difference? The fact that they exist does not make it impossible for people to violate them as it is an everyday phenomenon in every part of the world. People, even governments may say that they act in a way that protects human rights, but as a result their actions are found to be in violation of basic rights. Hence, they may use those rights in order to defence their action which are prima facie immoral. Human Rights try to form humanity. As we have seen from the genocides some are considered humans, others not. Some have more humanity than others. This is because even though we are considered the same, not all people are originally the same and in order to become the same they first need to be considered inferior. Humanity has many different types. A type of humanity can be considered the fact that thousands of babies in Iraq die every month because of the Western embargo and many babies in Africa die seventeen times more than Europeans babies. Those people found to be in a very low situation of humanity. In addition, poor people in sub-Saharan Africa who are expected to live thirty years less than the average can also be characterized as fewer humans than the other people. Another group of people, who are ill-treated, are the people who have sexual orientations or race and can be considered as imperfect humans. Humanity is therefore a graded and ranked status with many shades and tires between the superhuman Western, white heterosexual male at the one end and the non human, the concentration camp inmates or the fleeing refugee, at the other  [12]  . However, is not everything that vain. Human Rights exist and we can benefit from them. So, how can the Human Rights be prepared to accept the conflict of the variety of cultures which characterize our days? Some can argue that human rights are culturally relative rather than universal. The Vienna Declaration states that the significance of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds must be borne in mind. This puts an intentional duty towards the States to guard and promote human rights no matter of their cultural systems. While its significance is acknowledged, cultural consideration in no way reduces States human rights duties. Human Rights are a contemporary attainment for all cultures. They reflect the dynamic, coordinated efforts of the international community to achieve and advance a common standard and international system of law to protect human dignity  [13]  . Human Rights are characterized from a cultural multiplicity and include in a broad sense a number of protections such as, freedom of expression, thought, religion, right to education, and protection of persons belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities, protection of the principle of non-discrimination and so on. There is greater consideration of the ways in which cultures protect the welfare of their people and illustration of the common foundation of human pride on which human rights protection stands. This phenomenon would enable human rights promotion to emphasize the cultural relevance of universal human rights in various cultural contexts. Acknowledgment of particular cultural contexts would serve to smooth the progress of human rights execution and respect. Working in this way with particular cultures inherently recognizes cultural integrity and diversity, without compromising or diluting the unquestionably universal standard of human rights. Such an approach is e ssential to ensure that the future will be guided above all by human rights, non-discrimination, tolerance and cultural pluralism.  [14]   To conclude, it is a fact that in theory everything is much easier than in practice, because it is in the practice where the people lose control and act in a way that does not respect others. If we do not accept that each of us is different, then nothing in this world will change, nothing will improve. Discrimination against other people is something that does not bring people together, instead it pushes them apart. We are all part of the same world but what can we do to change this world for the best? Women, minority ethnic group members, and those of a different sexual orientation continue to be equal but still separate, supported by the law but unable to obtain true and complete participation. It is impossible for all of us to be the same but it is upon us to respect our human fellows without criticizing them, in order to be able to live in a harmonious society.

Free Essays - The Second Coming :: Second Coming

The Second Coming The Second Coming reminds me of the Marabar Caves in A Passage to India because of the "disconnectedness" that is portrayed. The poem quickly begins: "Turning and turning in the widening gyre [cycle of history] The falcon cannot hear the falconer'; Here Yeats reminds us all about the cycle of life that is constantly in rebirth. Everything is constantly "turning" in a "widening gyre" and yet the "falcon cannot hear the falconer" Life is connected in the sense that it is constantly in motion, constantly "turning" and yet there exists this strange "disconnectedness" because nature "the falcon" is so far separated from mankind "the falconer" that it can no longer be called. I may be reading too much into this small passage but it really reminds me of Forster's Marabar Caves: "A tunnel eight feet long, five feet high, three feet wide, leads to a circular chamber about twenty feet in diameter. The arrangement occurs again and again throughout the group of hills, and this is all, this is a Marabar Cave. . . They are dark caves. . . there is little to see, and no eye to see it," (137) It doesn't matter how deep you get into the caves, it doesn't matter how many turns you follow because you end up in a cave that looks exactly like the one in the beginning. Even language cannot be understood well, everything amounted to "Boam." Nature changed the very language of mankind to "boam." Is Forster's caves a symbol of life as he saw it ? "Circular chambers" that "occur again and again." I may be totally wrong but the Caves remind me of the first two lines of The Second Coming. Yeats cry continues with: "Things fall apart; the center cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world," The world is in disarray, nature has been separated from mankind due to the Industrial revolution and philosophical thought. Locke has shown us all that metaphysical entities, like nature, don't exist because it's not physical and thus able to be tested by scientific methods. At least in the Romantic era, mankind was connected with nature. In Wordsworth, Blake, and Keats we find a special connection with nature that is lost in Yeats. The Romantics understood the connection mankind has with nature and tried to amplify it with their prose and poetry.

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education Ever since I was a little girl I had this dream of being a teacher. Whether it was making up â€Å"pretend† tests or having my younger brother sit through my instruction, I knew that I was a born teacher. And now that I have grown and matured into a responsible young woman, I feel that my place in this world is in the classroom. I feel that the children are our future and we should teach them everything we know to the best of our abilities. Every summer since the age of 13, I have been babysitting for local families in my small hometown of Pineville. In fact, 2 years ago I had been babysitting for a Optometrist and his wife and they were expecting their second child. As an honor, they asked if they could name their second daughter after me. Kara Nicole was born in June of 2001. As a matter of fact, I have found that my feelings on education often reflect the song The Greatest Love of All by Whitney Houston. She states in her song that she feels that the c hildren are our future and I must say that I agree completely with her sentiments on the education of our youth. When I came of age to enter college, there was no question in my mind as to what field I wanted to enter. Elementary education was the only option for me. One of my favorite quotes, although I do not know the author, says that â€Å"To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world† and I must say that this reflects my philosophy on education. To me, this quote reveals every compassionate thought I have on education alone. Teachers in some small way or another can be the sunshine in a child’s life. In my opinion, teachers, play many roles; mentors, confidants, sources of inspiration, and disciplin... ...Concord College. I wish to enter a masters program at some other institution of higher education. However, at this time, I am unsure where that institution may be. I know for sure, that I do plan on doing something with the Special Education department. Along with these added classes, I will always be open for Summer classes or workshops that teachers often attend to keep themselves updated on current trends. In my role as an educator, I feel that I should welcome each and every form of change that occurs during my time. Whether I agree with it or not, the point is that one must give it a chance. I feel that our state and local governments, as well as national governments, will continue to do the best for our educational system as possible. Reform, to me, is just a transition from old to new. You should welcome the change no matter how difficult it may be.

Spark’s Message in a Bottle Intro

This section will provide brief description on various significances of the study. To students. The proposed study will aide students facing emotional difficulties such as peer pressure while academically struggling. To teachers. The proposed study will help teachers to have deeper understanding with their students having trauma. With this, teachers will have stronger foundation as guidance of their apprentices. To future researcher. The proposed study will benefit and help the future researcher as this serve as their guide. This would be a key with our economy continually struggling o move ahead.Scopes and Limitations The scope of this study is the breakthrough of an individual in traumatic events in life particularly with the loss of a love one. This provided steps gathered from reliable sources on how to deal with such situations. On the other hand, this study limits with psychological/emotional renewal. Methodology The method used in this study was the descriptive one. It aims to describe and interpret what the topic is. The said method in research writing fitted this study as it involves the elements or interpretation of the meaning or significance of what is described.Also, the technique used by the group was content analysis which can be applied to examine any piece of writing or occurrence of recorded communication. Approach to Literary Criticism The process of descriptive research which goes beyond mere gathering suited as the group made moral, humanistic or affective approach defined closed to â€Å"morality' of literature and to questions of ethical goodness or badness directly affected by the also made in this study as breakdowns concerns personality, inner drives and neurosis. Procedure The researchers, with the procedure of making this study, analyzed first the novel they are to use.They gathered useful resources primarily tackling the problem they are to focus on. The making of a thesis comes next together with the formulation of questions they are to answer in this study. They made an outline from the data they have in hand and started taking notes. Lastly, the group has started the formulation of their paper. Instruments Used The researchers used instruments such as books and internet resources for the study. Articles from reliable magazines and academic papers were also considered by the group. The novel which became the basis of the study was entitled Message in a Bottle written by Nicholas Sparks.

Operation Gomorrah Essay

â€Å"Operation Gomorrah† Ingram recalls her childhood experiences of war within her home city of Hamburg, Germany. The writing techniques and detailed descriptions within the autobiographical narrative reflect Ingram’s sensitive nature and the emotional link she has to her childhood because of this traumatic event. â€Å"I was eight years old and a respectful, obedient child. But one day in late July my mother asked me to do something and I disobeyed her, and I shall be forever glad that I did.†(Marione Ingram 123) Usually a boy who is only 8 years old should be naughty and mischievous. However, at the beginning of the story, the author tells us that he was thought to be a respectful, obedient child by others. The plot that Ingram does not want to sent his baby sister Renate to his cousin’s apartment (123) indicate that Ingram has his own thoughts, has his likes and dislikes. But he is so sensitive that he cares too much about what others think. He loves his mother, he does not willing to let her down. So, although he does not want to go outside from within, he tried (123). We can imagine that how much joy and pleasure of childhood he has lost to force himself to live up to this reputation to be respectful and obedient. This is too cruel to this little boy. But he was thrilled to be outdoors (123). At that moment, there must have been an intense internal conflict in his heart. On the one hand, he does not willing to destroy his reputation to be obedient as well as let his mother down, but on the other hand, he cannot manage to overcome his internal fears. After a struggle, he turned back and then began to hurry to home (123). When he thought back to the whole story, he found that if he had followed his mother’s direction to carry his baby sister to his cousin’s apartment and he himself stayed there, he would not have experienced the great disaster: the Operation Gomorrah. For the obedient child, he regrets for his whole life for that only one resist. His sensitive makes him a person who always thinks too much. That he always considers the feelings of others, regrets the past and be worried about the future makes him a shilly-shally and inner-turmoiled person. Ingram states â€Å"I pulled mother away from the stove, tugging first one limp arm and then the other. I managed to get her head and a shoulder into the  dining room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (124) â€Å"I was sitting on the floor with her head in my lap, trying to think what to do, when coming from the bottom of the stairwell where I’d left the pram I could hear the faint sounds of my baby sister’s whimpering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (124) â€Å"There were no air raids to disturb us, though I woke up often to see if she was still unconscious†¦ † (125). When his mother was ill, the 8-year-old lithe boy took the responsibility of taking care of his mother and his baby sister. His behavior described in this part gave me the feeling of unreal. He took care of his mother and baby sister so carefully that he can even hear the faint sounds of his baby sister’s whimpering from the bottom of the stairwell. He was worried about his mother and baby sister and tomorrow’s l ife, so he woke up often during that night. It is totally not like a little boy’s behavior. All of these plots indicate that Ingram has subtle nerves. He is sensitive to environment. â€Å"I looked at mother and I understood† (Marione Ingram 125). What did this little boy understand from two adults’ conversation? At first reading I do not understand what he got. But then I understood that Inge was reluctant to help them during that desperate situation. From Inge’s talk, emotion and action, he and his mother understood the key point. He is so smart and sensitive to things. His sensitivity inspires his thinking. He is good at observation and analysis. I have to admire the little boy’s understanding. But the little boy did not show any unhappiness or lose his temper about his cousin’s attitude. He was so quiet just keep his thought in his mind. As for the disaster, Marion Ingram used abundant detail description to show the chaos scene. He describes his former playmate like this â€Å"She was holding her favorite doll, holding it tight and turning slightly away as if she feared I might try to snatch it from her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (127). The description showed a girl’s behavior in desperate situation vividly. There are also many environmental descriptions during the bombing. â€Å"A false dawn lit the southeastern sky, rouging mother’s cheeks and painting the walls of buildings on our side of the street a lurid red†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (128). At one point between life and death, Ingram still have one part of his heart concerning his mothers’ emotion and remember forever. When he was in his mother’s arm, he was observing how other people trying to survive. â€Å"Then a woman carrying  an infant came running down the street along the same route we had taken. She was followed by a young man dressed in the khaki shorts and shirt of a Hitler Youth. I thought they must be fleeting from a bomb shelter that had been damaged, possibly the one mother had been heading for when we first left our apartment building†¦ † (131). There are abundant psychological and action descriptions. â€Å"I thought they must be fleeting from a bomb shelter that had been damaged†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (131). â€Å"I thought his difficulty might be the hot wind roaring down the avenue in front of us and almost expected to see him lifted up as he ran†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (131). â€Å"I thought I could hear their screams and ducked down into the crater with my eyes closed and my hands oter my ears.† (131). â€Å"When it seemed that I was about to suffocate, I pulled the blanket away and stuck up my head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (131-132). â€Å"When I closed my eyes it felt as if we were lying between railroad tracks while an endless train rumbled over us so swiftly†¦Ã¢â ‚¬  (132). All these descriptions are so fine, specific and smooth that almost give us a movie picture. Sensitive and delicate as he is, he is able to remember every single detail, every change in emotion, every piece of his thought. In conclusion, Marione Ingram concludes abundant detail descriptions in this essay that even gave readers the feeling that this story is not his own story. In this way, the author shaped a sensitive character from different point of view. And because of his sensitive nature, he is also a shilly-shally person who always suffers intense inner struggle, he is a good thinker and observer which made him a good writer, he is a very kind person who would consider for others at every minutes.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 25

Case Study - Essay Example angement where a business organization dedicates to paying health insurance premiums for their workers so that in case of any emergency arising from work activities, they are well taken catered for (Hunnicutt 2010). In planning for health care benefits in an organization, there has to be careful attention on the way the plan is created so that it caters for all workers incommensurate to the company management structures and functions of all its workers. This means that the company does not have to create health care insurance plans that lead to division among the workers. Southern California Grocery has been facing huge challenges in executing its health care pal for its staff. However, a plan to consider some ways of reducing the health insurance costs for the company can be helpful in cutting down its spending in health insurance for two sets of workers. To reduce some of these costs, first, the company should consider establishing various wellness programs. The advantage with these programs is that they influence worker’s lifestyle changes that results in reduced costs for health care. Wellness programs enable workers to participate in their healthy lifestyle; this includes education in ways of preventing certain diseases and illnesses (Dubois 2006). Wellness programs enable employees to make good choices concerning their lifestyle and how those particular lifestyle patterns affect their lives. The second activity that can reduce its health care costs is doing a health assessment; health insurance census ensures employers pay reduced costs for their employees, after an assessment of their health status. This will be an essential process since the grocery may end up harmonizing the rates of heath care insurance to all its employees. Thirdly, the grocery should consider establishing a cost sharing agreement in the payment of the health insurance costs. They grocery should recommend a certain percentage of the costs to be met with its workers, while it honors

The Report of created app Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Report of created app - Essay Example Statistics shows that the use of technology among travelers is very high and therefore the tourism industry is making efforts to stay in touch with its clients through technology (Tourism in a World of Technology, 2011). The tourism industry can be defined as an attraction sector as it runs on the manmade and the natural creation that are the center of attraction. People from all over the world pay their visits to such modern or ancient destinations. One of the major jobs of the tourism industry is to market such manmade or natural places so that they attract the attention of people around the globe. Attractive and unique places succeed in capturing the interest of large number of tourists (Tarlow, 2011). Time is an important constraint for tourists as usually they have limited time in which lots of things need to be done. They need to work on questions like what is to be done and how it is needed to be done. Another problem faced by them is to find places. This indeed is another tim e consuming activity and it acquires a lot of time of the trip. The tourism packages being offered are for a limited period and therefore wasting time in finding places can be a problem for the tourists (5 key issues facing travel and tourism, 2012). The people enjoying their holidays constantly want to share their picture and videos with their family and friends. The fascination of people of taking picture and recording videos has often been the topic of criticism. Tourists consider pictures as a record that they can share with their family and friends way back home. These photos and videos recorded by the tourists remind them of their visit. It is not always easy for tourists to share and record these significant moments of their life. This is where technology comes into action. The problems faced by the tourists can be solved by the tourism industry through the help of technology. The discussed problems cannot be considered as a negative side of tourism. Travelling places and fin ding way to go to new places is in itself enjoyment. It is the job of the organizer to make the tour a life time experience for its customers. Their tasks involve picking up mundane activities and turning them into something interesting and fun. For example train journey can be a great source of joy for travel writers, and similarly travelling in buses and undergrounds have their own pleasure. The best part of city visits is walking in streets as it is one of the easiest ways to access the life of the people of that place (Some of the Major Current Issues Confronting Tourism, 2006). Still there is a need to solve all these problems faced by the tourists in order to make the tourism industry much more efficient. The tourism industry cannot find an optimal solution for such problems simply by taking the help of technology. Technology can be used by our tourism business to save the precious time of the customers. It must also be noted that things like finding a cafe in another country are a source of enjoyment in itself (Fesenmaier, 2012). In order to solve this problem of finding places one can simply provide their customers with electronic guidebooks. This is an advanced from of traditional guidebook that has the A-Z list of all the places present in a particular country. In the traditional guidebooks the tourists have to look through the pages in order to get direction and find a place. This cannot be considered as an easy task. Usually it can be seen that tourists travel in a group and therefore in

How Biologists Are Impacted and Responding to Alcohol-Induced Research Paper

How Biologists Are Impacted and Responding to Alcohol-Induced Interpersonal Violence Globally - Research Paper Example The dependence of alcohol causes problems in social state of its victim and results to abnormal occurrences and acts such as domestic violence, loss, or lowering of productivity in place of work as well as causing traffic accident leading to injuries are also the consequences of alcohol misuse. The misuse also results to chronic organ disorders of the victimized individual (French, 1991, 57-63). According to the Room, et al. (2005) excessive use of alcohol is rated third position of the causes leading to preventable deaths in the US. Its abuse causes the large burdens in the cohesion of communities, health of populations and the provision of the basic public services including criminal justice and health care. Alcohol misuse is responsible of 4% a year on the lost health through disability or premature deaths. The report also indicates that, for every resulted death due to the interpersonal violence, many of the victims require treatment from hospital while many other victims remain undisclosed (Nutt et al., 1988, pp 283-313). This is because the victimized persons are recorded neither by the criminal justice agencies, nor in the health centers. Alcohol and interpersonal violence are strongly linked although the consumption depends on the pattern of drinking between countries, and across all cultures. There are many cases documented which justifies various impacts of impacts on the harmful consumption of alcohol by recording the victims of violence as a result. According to Goldberg et al. (2003)the Australia recorded 26% male victims and 17% female victims between year 2002 and 2003. As evidenced on the report, the victims were said to have been drinking alcohol prior to their death. On another case, Netherlands had documented 36% of the victims presented to the trauma department between the years 1970 to 1998. It was then learnt that the victims had consumed alcohol. The percentage of the victims of violent injuries presented to the emergency rooms in USA, Ca nada, Argentina, Mexico, Spain, and Australia tested positive for alcohol depending on the country. For example, in Argentina, only 24% of those tested turned positive whilst Australia had 43%. In every country, abuse of alcohol and its related interpersonal violence has so far affected too many consequences including affecting the health and the well-being of the relationship between the friends and family, fear levels within the communities, and also the pressure to the public service. Harmful use of alcohol is said to be the method of portraying violent experiences where the victims become prone to problematic habits of drinking even in future life. Other long-term effect of victim’s health includes the posttraumatic stress disorder or even committing suicide. Researchers in developed countries have noticed that, the consumption of alcohol by both the violence perpetrators and victims can increase the severity of injuries (Thurman & LemasterS, 1984, pp. 103–117). In this, alcohol may play a major role in determining the survival of the victims after serious assaults. For example, by either reducing the victims’ perception of the seriousness of the injury or reducing their ability of seeking the medical help (Room et al., 2003). Alcohol abuse also causes many other social

Levels of AnalysisCh. 3 & Arab-Israeli Conflict book & homework. My Assignment

Levels of AnalysisCh. 3 & Arab-Israeli Conflict book & homework. My assigned Country for this research is NIGERIA - Assignment Example Another important event is the publishing of the works of Leo Pinsker (Auto-emancipation) and Theodor Herzl (Der Judenstaat) which called for the establishment of a Jewish homeland or state (Schulze 7). Both of these articles actually called for the need to establish a homeland for the Jewish people, given that they have been experiencing discrimination in the different countries where they are scattered (Schulze 7). In addition, both of these papers also emphasized that the establishment of such homeland for the Jewish people would make them preserve their cultural traditions and solidify their national identity as Jews. The establishment of the World Zionist Organization is important, for it spearheaded the creation of a Jewish homeland in Israel, which was the same territory of the Ottoman Empire controlled Islamic Palestine (Schulze 8). It is said that Palestine was chosen as the land where the Jewish homeland would be established because it is here where the ancient kingdom of I srael and Judah where located. These kingdoms are the only Jewish states which have existed in history. Seen as the origin of the Jewish people, the Zionist movement saw the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine as essential in the nation-building process of the Jews who were historically scattered and in Diaspora.

To what extent does the rise of China pose a fundamental challenge to Essay

To what extent does the rise of China pose a fundamental challenge to the liberal world order - Essay Example It is remarkable how China has managed to rise from a country struggling to develop into a leading global economy in just three decades. During the past three decades, the United States exercised hegemony over global affairs, particularly after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today, however, China has taken a leading position in world affairs especially in terms of economic prowess. China is poised to surpass the United States in exercising global hegemony in the near future. Such views have stemmed from the fact that China has built highly complex systems of conducting global business that has enabled China’s economy to grow rapidly. Although China has asserted that it does not wish to become a global hegemonic state, there is speculation that circumstances will force China to do so. Therefore, the way that Western countries will handle China’s ascent to global affairs will conclude the outcome of liberal internationalism. The international arena will either become a hegemonic or multi-polar environment with China’s ascent to power. The apprehension on China’s ability to challenge the liberal world order is based on China’s domestic politics, which are characterized by an autocracy that feels no need to uphold the rule of law. Accordingly, it is speculated that if China surpasses the United States as a superpower, then the former will conduct international law and politics in similar fashion as it does domestically. The Communist Party in China has led the country to a stable political-economy, evident during the recent global recession (Ross & Zhu, 2008; pp. 219). While Western countries and in particular the United States was hit hard by the recession, the Communist-Party led government of China was able to withstand the recession and maintain high economic growth rates. As a result, the Yuan is rapidly gaining international value and is on the way to rivaling the US dollar, an occurrence that will surely solidify Chinaâ €™s international stature (Inkenberry, 2011). In line with this argument, it is speculated that once China achieves the superpower status, it will run international political-economic affairs using the same policies used by the Communist Party domestically. Most Western countries view the communist government as being led by corrupt officials and people with total disregard for the rule of law. Considering this view point, many are worried that if China uses the policies promulgated by the communists in the international arena, then the liberal world order will be under serious

[Paul's case] Essay with little research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

[Paul's case] with little research - Essay Example 14). The name "Faust" comes from a charlatan alchemist (some claim astrologer and necromancer) whose pride and vanity lead to his doom. (elconnery.blogspot.com, also, en.Wikipedia.org) In the past, it was assumed that the comic scenes were additions by other writers. However, most scholars today consider the comedy an integral part of the play, as its tone shows the change in Faust’s ambitions. (Anon) With greater recognition, Faust became a Grand Opera, ending tragically in death. Paul’s death in Cather’s short story, prompting the comparison, transmogrifies a youth’s confused vision of Utopia into a destination attainable only after renouncing life. The story is one extensive allusion, interspersed with multiple cross references to images or symbols, some of which are complex and require background knowledge of literature from Shakespeare’s era. Faust or Faustus, is noted for his pact with the devil, in the form of Mephistopheles, a servant of Lucifer, the Devil incarnate. He also finds place in other works dealing with the netherworld. (Soldati, 1980 also Leslie Kay Swigart, 2004). Kennedy’s Faust (p 537) curses life –â€Å"would that I were never born† he says. The similarity to Paul’s bent of mind is striking. Cordelia was one of three daughters of King Lear, from Shakespeare’s play of the same name. The only unmarried Princess, she fell out of favor with her father and was disowned by him, ultimately dying a horrific death. (JSTOR) The loss of paternal love affected her in its own way, as it did with Paul. Cordelia is, therefore, an allusion. There is a dichotomy here, because if she was a person who Paul identified himself with, in the story she symbolizes all that he had grown to despise. This symbol was the embodiment of a dreary street, stretching monotonously with identical houses lining it on both sides. It

Animals Should Be Used in Scientific Research Essay Example for Free

Animals Should Be Used in Scientific Research Essay Over 100 million animals are used every year in the United States as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. Research involving animals has played a vital role in virtually every major medical advance of the last century. Even today, there is no complete alternative to biomedical research with animals. The vast majority of research animals are mice and rats bred for this purpose. Dogs, cats, and non-human primates together account for less than one-half of one percent of the total, and this number has declined for more than 25 years. Since 1979, the number of dogs and cats needed in animal research has declined by more than 50%. The number of non-human primates needed represents less than .2% (.18% in 2004) and has remained relatively constant—in the 50,000 per year range—for the past decade. History The history behind animals being used in scientific research is that is started In Europe and in the US by the early 1900s and especially during and following World War I the benefits of animal research continued to be recognized. Following the Nuremberg Trials for atrocities by the Nazis during World War II, society spoke loudly demanding no research on humans until animal research had made such research a reasonable risk. Today, the majority of people in our society do agree with the idea of the humane and responsible use of animals in research. There is safeguard standards for scientific studies on animals * The USDA has set forth federal regulations governing the care and use of animals in biomedical research that are considered even more extensive than those covering human research subjects. * The Animal Welfare Act sets standards of care for research animals with regard to their housing, feeding, cleanliness, ventilation, and medical needs and requires the use of anesthesia or analgesic drugs for potentially painful procedures and during post-operative care. * The US Public Health Service Act requires that all institutions receiving research funds from NIH, FDA, or CDC adhere to the standards set out in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. * Institutions must follow detailed animal care recommendations and establish an IACUC to ensure that all animals are treated responsibly and humanely Some people think that all animals that are in scientific research are in pain or distress while undergoing the research that is not necessarily true. The 2004 USDA Annual Report reveals that 57% of all research procedures with animals involved no more than slight or momentary pain or distress (i.e., an injection). In 34% of research procedures anesthesia and postoperative painkillers were used. In 9% of the procedures, neither anesthesia nor pain medication could be used, as they would have interfered with research results. Scientific Perspectives Here are 4 reasons why animals are used in research: 1. The principles of anatomy and physiology are true for humans and animals, especially mammals. Once scientists learned that animals were similar to humans, in physiology and anatomy, it became preferable to use animals rather than humans for preliminary research. 2. Certain strains or breeds of animals get the same diseases or conditions as humans. Animal Models are frequently critical to understanding a disease and developing appropriate treatments. 3. Research meant introducing one variable and observing the results of that one item. With animals we can control their environment (temperature, humidity, etc.), and shield them from diseases or conditions not related to the research (control their health). Although human and animals get the disease that may be the subject of a research investigation, the different life styles or living conditions make them poor subjects until preliminary research under controlled conditions has been done. 4. We can use scientifically-valid numbers o f animals. Data from one animal or human is not research; it is a case study. To scientifically test a hypothesis, an adequate number of subjects must be used to statistically test the results of the research. Some individuals claim that we should use human or animals that have a disease to study that disease. Certainly, epidemiological studies (tracking the occurrence of a disease or condition) have provided many important insights into the cause of a disease or a condition, especially when an environmental aspect is responsible. However, epidemiological studies are successful in only a limited number of situations. Only if the study of a disease is severely hindered or not possible when the research subjects have been/are exposed to a variety of environmental factors. According to the American Medical Association, humans are the most frequently used animal in research. However, research studies conducted on humans follow preliminary studies conducted in animals. These animal studies make human studies a reasonable risk. The animal studies are not a guarantee of success, but they do tell us that the human research has a reasonable probability of success.